Fluid mechanics Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Task Learning Outcome 3 Determine head losses in pipeline flow Q1: Calculate the flow of water under gravity in litres/sec between the two reservoirs in Figure 1 below. 5.6m Pipe à ¸ 11cm in steel (k=0.20mm) 15.78m Figure 1 Solution: The length of the pipe may be approximated to be ≈ ---ïÆ'   L = 16.7442 m. Assuming a completely turbulent flow (dependent on pipe roughness), the friction factor may be estimated by the von Karman equation: f = and, plugging in values gives f = ---ïÆ'   f = 0.022813 Then, by Darcy-Weisbach equation = f * * where = head loss due to friction = difference in levels of water (5.6 m) v = fluid’s average velocity (m/s); g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2) Arranging the equation for v – v = = = 5.6249 m/s pipe’s area @ cross – section = * = 0.0095 m2 Thus, the volumetric flow rate (under gravity), V = 5.6249 m/s * (0.0095 m2) * = 53.44 L/sec Task 2 – Learning Outcome 3.2 Determine Reynolds’ number for a flow system and assess its significance Q2: As an engineer in an industry, you are required to pump oil (density 900 kg/m3, viscosity 0.12Ns/m2 and flow rate 0.2m3/s) in a 15 cm diameter pipe over a distance of 120m. (a) Calculate the critical velocity and the Reynolds’ number in the pipe. critical velocity, v = (volumetric flow rate per unit area of cross – section) cross – sectional area, A = * = 0.01767 m2 so that, v = = 11.32 m/s = = ---ïÆ'   = 12,735 (turbulent) (b) Calculate the power required (per metre) to pump the oil horizontally at a mass flow rate of 30kg/s. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluid mechanics or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now For turbulent flow with < 100,000, Prandtl equation applies as— = 2.0 log whereupon substitution of the found: = 2.0 log yields f ≈ 0.0289927 (by trial & error) Since the flow is strictly horizontal (no turns/bends, elevation, nor expansion/contraction along pipe length) then, energy – balance with the Bernoulli equation reduces to: ÃŽ £F = (where pump work solely accounts for friction losses) And by Darcy-Weisbach equation, ÃŽ £F = f * * = ---ïÆ'   ≈ 1,486.08 Based on this, the required power would be the product of the work term and the mass flow rate, being Power = (1486.08 m*N/kg) (30 kg/s) = 44,582.4 watts For each meter of the pipe length, Power = ---ïÆ'   Power = 0.3715 kW/m (c) Calculate the power required (per metre) to pump the oil horizontally at a mass flow rate of 120kg/s.

Hiroshima, Japan, And Japan - 1352 Words

Answers Who: Hiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city located in Kyushu, Japan. Before the bombing, people in Nagasaki had fled to rural area because of the previous minor air raids. As a result, it ultimately reduced the population in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing on August 9th: approximately 35,000 deaths. Douglas MacArthur Douglas MacArthur was an American general. He was an U.S. general who commanded during World War II, and was an administrator of postwar Japan during the U.S.’s occupation after the war. He conducted the execution of the war criminals, such as Tojo Hideki and reconstruction of the new government of Japan. TÃ… jÃ…  Hideki Tojo, Hideki, 1884–1948, was Japanese general and statesman. TÃ… jÃ…  was a dictator in Japan during WWII. He was military general and the Prime Minister of Japan from October 18, 1941 until July 18, 1944. TÃ… jÃ…  was also one of the most aggressive leader in the Japanese history. He led Japan to attack on the Pearl Harbor where the U.S. military base is located on December 7, 1941. (Tojo Hideki, Britannica.com)Show MoreRelatedHiroshima And Nagasaki, Japan, And Japan2342 Words   |  10 PagesOn August 6th and 9th; the American military leadership dropped two atomic hydrogen bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan; in an attempt to expedite the end of a war that consumed the world. It was then, on these days that a small few experienced; while the whole world watched as utter destruction unfold as the two bombs did what they were created to do, decimate the Japanese resolve. A resolve that shook and intimated the most courageous of convictions, a resolve that ushered a ge neration of willingRead MoreThe Biological Bombing Of Hiroshima Japan955 Words   |  4 Pagescountries decisions to attack a state and the social and political consequences that follow. The anatomic bombing of Hiroshima Japan was conducted by the United States on August 6th, 1945 during the last months of the war. The explosion wiped out 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people tens of thousands more would later die of radiation exposure (Bombing of Hiroshima). In the process decimating the city itself leaving it a wasteland. 56 years later on September 11, 2011, 19 militantsRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima Japan Essay2526 Words   |  11 PagesPresident Truman ordered American pilots to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima Japan. After years of secretly experimenting and creating the atomic bombs the day had come that the President of the United State thought it was necessary for bomb to be used. At last the Manhattan Project, which â€Å"was a government progr am that was originally formed to secretly build and test atomic bombs to counter Nazi Germany† (The Road to Hiroshima, 2005), was no longer a secret. Four years early in December of 1941Read MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima Japan1862 Words   |  8 PagesAugust 6th 1944. A lone bomber flies over the skies of Hiroshima Japan. Seconds later it releases what will later become of the worlds most feared and dangerous weapons of all time, the Atomic Bomb. The bomb turns the city of Hiroshima into a wasteland of death and destruction. A few days later another more powerful bomb is dropped on Nagasaki Japan. This one flattens the city and kills at least Ninety thousand people. A few days later Japan surrenders ending the costliest and bloodiest war in theRead MoreEffects Of The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima Japan1038 Words   |  5 PagesSawyere Lamontagne December 2nd, 2015 Prof. Richmond Engwr 300 Girls of Atomic City August 6th, 1945 a bomb was dropped on Hiroshima Japan, forever changing the game of war and the lives of all two and a third billion(Alpha Wolfram). The atomic bomb was a new invention in like the world has never seen. This bomb nicknamed Little Boy alone killed or injured over a hundred and fifty thousand people. This followed by another bomb, Fat Man, being dropped on nagasaki, killed or injured anotherRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima, Japan, And The United States1202 Words   |  5 Pagesatomic bombs on Hiroshima, Japan. World War Two was practically over, but Japan and the United States weren’t getting along due to Japan bombing Pearl Harbor. The President of the United States (Truman) and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill Issued the Potsdam Declaration which was the declaration that was put on the table for Japan after Germany had surrendered. Earlier in the war we had been putting together atomic weapons in case the war was getting out of hand. Since Japan would n’t surrenderRead MoreAtomic Bomb On Hiroshima, Japan, And The World War II983 Words   |  4 Pagesis no way to justify killing people, simply, because it is wrong and immoral, but what if it’s done to protect your own people? Would it be justified then? President Truman thought so. In 1945, during the heightened onslaught of World War II with Japan, Harry S. Truman was faced with a difficult decision that would determine the future of the War and the future of our nation. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt passed away, he had been working on a secret, powerful, nuclear weapon that not even his ViceRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan: A Necessary Evil or an Unnecessary Act?1198 Words   |  5 PagesOn August 6 and August 9, 1945, the cities and people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would experience something that no other people had ever experienced before, and no other people have experienced since. Within three days in the month of August 1945 and n earing the end of World War II, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan would become the testing ground and their people the test dummies for a new kind of war weapon; the atomic bomb. Was this act necessary to bring an end to World War II as has beenRead MoreIn August 1945, a uranium-type atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan,900 Words   |  4 Pageswas dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan, during the final stages of World War II. The following months after the bomb was dropped, many people were killed by burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries. These effects lasted about 4-6 months. Around 90,000 to 166,000 people died either instantaneous or the lasting effects. On August 15th, just days after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan announced their surrender to the Allies. Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two citiesRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Militar y Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many people

Health and Safety at Work free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Report on Planning WHS Management System. Answer: A Report on Planning WHS management system: Introduction GoFuel Pty Ltd workplace consists of six service stations within which other services are provided. These include retail shops and food bars, and there is a stockroom as well as the office of the store manager. The working environment primarily deals with highly sensitive products such as the fuel, gas, and oil as well as the supermarket goods, cold drinks and the hot pies; with 24-hour-a-day operations. The company's working environment has an employee base of 60 employees, who belong to different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, and the majority of them have a high school education level. It is also significant to note that some of the employees have poor English literacy which may impact on their capabilities of the service delivery. GoFuel deals in an industry that requires a high level of safety at the workplace first for the employees and then to the customers (Bega Valley Shire Council, 2014). Safety is a necessity and there are certain requirements a company need to put in place to ensure they comply with acceptable WHS measures which includes having a protected working environment, proper cautioning procedures, safety guidelines, fire extinguishers as well as protective gears. In the review of the information provided by the GoFuel Pty Ltd, a number of policies and procedures can be termed as the relevant in as far as WHS is concerned: Activities based on a daily, weekly, and yearly basis. The periodic backing of the electronic data is a good sign. Incident summary reports. Provision of the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The insurance policies are in place. There are first aid kits in every store and most fully stocked. Research on the Proposed Design of WHSMS Devising an effective WHS management system requires an extensive consideration of all the legal frameworks that are in place (Sparq Solutions, n.d.). It makes much sense for the management framework to consider all the available legal policies that guide all the workplace safety measures in regard to WHS rules and regulations. The close consideration of the available legal measures ensures the companys continued fulfillment of the WHS for its employees without breaching the set national standards (Safe Work Australia, n.d.). Furthermore, it also gives the company a clean bill and prevents any unnecessary complications in case of the employee complaints. For instance, the Victorian WHS legal framework comprises of the latest regulations which commenced on June of 2017 (Work Safe Victoria, n.d.). The proposed codes in relation WHS included the hazardous manual compliance codes, dangerous substance handling code, the plant compliance, demolition compliance and Noise compliance codes among other codes. The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 provide a clear framework for the protection of the welfare, health, and safety of all employees at the workplace. The WHS act provides protection for all workers including the employees, the contractors, outworkers, volunteers and even the work experience students among others. The Act also sets out the regulations for the notification of the incidents, discussions with the workers, problems around the offenses and penalties, dispute resolution and the power and functions of the inspectors (State of Queensland, 2015). The WHS management systems for a company like GoFuel require strict measures in risk management, starting from the provision of the protective gears for the workers and ensuring they use them appropriately. Also, the records in every activity within the firm, from employee information to incident and insurance records are all fundamental. Relevant Policies and Procedures Adapted from Acquiring Business The acquisition of any business entity would call for the adoption of some of the existing policies and regulations. Therefore, GoFuels acquisition of ISS meant that the company had to retain and adapt some of the regulations and procedures of the ISS. The Smoking Policy Given that the GoFuel acquisition of ISS involved the companies in the same industry and the same operation line; adapting the smoking policy is a crucial step. Fuels are highly flammable, which means that, if the smoking trends are not regulated within the working environment, then hazardous fire incidents might be inevitable. Alcohol and Drugs Policy The use of alcohol and other forms of drugs influences the actions of the workers and how they work. That is why it is a very important for the company to adopt policies that regulate the use of drugs at the workplace to enhance safety for everyone within the work environment. Emergency Procedures The relevant emergency procedures that can effectively be adopted in this case by GoFuel includes the fire emergency procedures to prevent fire incidences; the first aid procedures in case of any injuries at the workplace, the fuel spill procedure, and the armed hold up in case of an attack by the robbers or buglers at the workplace. Additional, the record keeping procedure should be prioritized, which includes records of the incidents, employee information, the insurance information, the records on the employee training and records on the workers' compensations schemes among others. The adoption of all these recordkeeping steps is to ensure that all the safety regulations of the employees are addressed effectively in relation to WHS requirements. Human, Physical and Financial Resources Required The implementation of a WHS management system requires a combination of human, physical and financial investment to realize its full implementation. Human resources are required and these involve the employees, and the management (Shen et al. 2009); the physical resources like the premises and the equipment used to implement, and most importantly, the finance, which is the most crucial determinant of all the required resources. This WHS management system framework would require inputs of the store managers, shift managers and cashiers, and WHS consultant. In addition, training rooms are required for the effective implementation. The total cost of the above-mentioned factors billed on the hourly basis would cost at an average of $250. Record Keeping Policy and Procedure Records should be kept in a more defined way which addresses all the concerns and the occurrences that happen within the working environment. These records would involve information on the hazard reports, and the incident reports among others. The template below represents a sample template in which most types of incidences are recorded. Type of the Incident Total No. The Affected Person(s) Work Days Lost Fuel Spill Fire in rubbish bin Slip on wet shop floor Falling stock in reserve Trip Burns A Report on Managing workers consultation The successful implementation of a WHS management system framework depends on the managements ability to involve the workers in the decision making since they are the primary subjects in regards to the WHS regulations. It is therefore imperative for the management to adhere to the workers plights (Hussain Ahmad, 2012; Turner, Huemann, Keegan, 2010). Successful firms give much attention to what the workers have to say in regards to what affects them, and this involves having a good human resources team within the firm. The coordination between the management and the workers will reduce unnecessary friction and the general possibility of violating WHS regulations. The eventual complaints by some section of the employees of GoFuel underline the companys need to urgently review their WHS management system. Given this is an area which directly affects the employees; it would prove a costly mistake if the management totally ignored their efforts to have their contributions considered. An effective WHS management framework considers all the organizational factors that are directly related to the worker safety measures, and in compliance with the existing set of rules, policies and legal frameworks within the country of operation. There are many ways the company can involve the participation of the employees in the WHS decision making process. Their contribution, however, has to be reviewed and evaluated to determine how effectively they can address the health and safety problems of the workers at the workplace. Some of the procedure to ensure employee participation in WHS decision making include employee training, open session consultation with the management, the use of suggestion boxes, allowing the workers elect their own representatives and addressing emerging concerns. Employee Training Employees at GoFuel are not effectively trained to deal with safety requirements that are set out in the legal frameworks for WHS. This is partly because the company has not taken the appropriate steps in offering extensive training to its employees. Therefore, employee training would equip the employee with the ability to contribute positively to the WHS goals. Open Session Consultations Once in a while, open session consultation between the top management and the employees is crucial for the involvement of all the parties in the decision making processes. It involves allowing employees to air their views about what affects them most in relation to WHS. The Use of Suggestion Boxes Suggestion boxes are good ways of letting the employees air their view without necessarily having to meet the management. The management will have a chance of reading the common employee concerns and addressing them when necessary. The down part of this technique is that an ignorant management may as well scuttle the raised concerns by the employees. Allow Workers Elect their Representatives Workers feel comfortable if they are represented with one of their own in presenting their plights. For that reason, allowing the workers to elect their own representatives in the decision-making processes could be a wise idea in ensuring the employee participation. It also increases the workers confidence in the management. Addressing the Workers Concerns Workers at the GoFuel have had concerns over poor training and the managements poor reaction to their call of action and safety measures. There is a greater need for the CEO to address these issues to ensure full worker contribution. Reviews of the Summary of the Consultation Meetings with the Workers Through the several consultative meetings with a section of the employees, there are a number of open concerns expressed by the employees. These concerns also explained the impact of expansion has had on the GoFuel company after buying the ISS stores. The meeting with Amanda Kaisig, the flagship store Manager revealed the struggles GoFuel is facing in addressing WHS requirements. Amanda outlined that the fuel spills could have a very damaging outcome on the environmental report of the company. Secondly, she is concerned by the rising burns and lack of procedures to train workers on how to use the ovens. Then lastly, she is doubtful of GoFuel's capacity to handle the expanded premises which include the bought ISS stores. These sentiments were further confirmed by Pat Lee, the worker representative formerly at ISS store. He outlines lack of technical training for the employees, poor morale from the team and the general unawareness of the WHS legal frameworks by most employees. Possible Solutions The effective implementation of the GoFuels WHS management system would require a complete address on the pertinent issues affecting the company by the management. The company, therefore, needs to urgently come up with quick solutions in offering technical training to the employees as well as addressing the worker safety problems. The company should develop a training program to equip the workers with the required technical skills. Secondly, GoFuel should, by all means, minimize on the oil spillages as this may negatively impact on their environmental responsibility. Then finally, given that most of the workers do not have basic knowledge about legal WHS measures at the workplace, the company should take the responsibility of educating and inform them about legal parameters that guide their operations as it is their right to know and exercise those regulations. An Email Communicating Solutions To: info@whsms.gofuel.com Subject: Solutions to the Raised Concerns The Team, Following your effective and elaborate expression of the problems that majorly touch on the employee training and other WHS legal frameworks; Im glad to inform you about my proposed solutions to the raised concerns ailing the GoFuel company in regards to WHS requirements: 1. The company should undertake, on a serious note, a very intensive worker training on the technical matters starting with the machine operations and basic safety measures to minimize the frequent injuries during the working process. 2. Secondly, there should be urgent mechanisms that should address the spillages of oil, as this would negatively impact on the companys image, in regards to the environmental responsibilities. 3. Thirdly, after noting that most of the employees do not understand what entails of WHS as far as their work safety is concerned, it is in the best interest of the company to inform them about these legal frameworks, as they have the right to understand and exercise. The three outlined remedies are generalized as the main sensitive issues and concerns affecting the company. However, I advise that the company to further carry out extensive analysis and provide solutions where possible to every aspect of their WHS management system. Best Regards, WHS Consultant. References Bega Valley Shire Council. (2014). Work Health Safety Management. Procedure 5.05.1. Hussain, M., Ahmad, M. (2012). Mostly Discussed Research areas in Human Resource Management (HRM) A Literature Review. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 10-17. Safe Work Australia. (n.d.). Model WHS Laws. Available at: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/law-and-regulation/model-whs-laws Shen, J., Chanda, A., D'Netto, B., Monga, M. (2009). Managing diversity through human resource management: an international perspective and conceptual framework. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. Sparq Solutions. (n.d.). Work Health and Safety Management System. 0819 SPARQ. Available at: https://www.sparq.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/41348/0819-SPARQ-Work-Health-and-Safety-Management-System.pdf State of Queensland. (2015). Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act 2011. Queensland Government. Turner, R., Huemann, M., Keegan. (2010). .A Human resource management in the project-oriented organization: Employee well-being and ethical treatment. International Journal of Project Management. Work Safe Victoria. (n.d.). Compliance codes review. Available at: https://consultation.worksafe.vic.gov.au/Compliance-Codes

Roman Aqueducts An Engineering Brilliance Essay Example For Students

Roman Aqueducts: An Engineering Brilliance Essay Transportation of water is a very important obstacle the world has taken on. Water is a necessity to live; therefore control of water in and out of towns has been going on for thousands of years. Many different ways of moving water from one spot to another have been tried over the years. One example is the building of dams, not only to generate electricity, but also to create an abundance of water that can be transported to farmers to water their crops. The water from the dam is sent through underground conduits, aqueducts, to its final destination. Aqueducts were used by Greeks, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians and Egyptians for water transportation. These early civilizations provided the vision for the Roman Empire to perfect the use of the aqueduct. HISTORYIn 97 AD, Sextus Julius Frontinus, the city official in charge of the water supply, is recorded as saying:I ask you! Just compare this vast array of indispensable structures carrying so much water with the idle Pyramids or the world-famous but useless monuments of the Greeks. ( )In 97 AD, 300 gallons of water per person a day flowed into Rome through nine aqueducts. The Romans had succeeded in their vision of an aqueduct system supplying Rome with water. Many people, including Frontinus, thought that the Roman aqueduct system was the greatest invention in the world because of what it brought to the people of Rome. In the early days of Rome, the water supply came from the River Tiber. The Tiber, however is a very muddy river, and Romes sewer system also contaminated it. By the 4th century the Roman population was growing rapidly and Rome urgently needed an alternate water supply. In 312 BC the Roman Senate ordered Adile Appius Claudius to find a new source of water for the city . Claudius undertook the mission and started construction of the first aqueduct into Rome (Carr). Aqua Appia was successfully completed and over the next 500 years, ten more aqueducts were constructed in Rome. At completion of the last aqueduct into Rome, an estimated 38 million gallons of water flowed into Rome everyday! The Roman Empire also built many other aqueducts in Greece, Italy, France, Spain, North Africa, and Asia Minor. Even today some of the beautiful arches of the aqueducts can be seen. CONSTRUCTIONConstruction of the Roman Aqueduct started with finding a suitable source of water fairly close to the town that needed the water. This source usually came from underground springs for which the Romans had to search. After water was found, the aqueduct was commissioned to be built and a surveyor was hired to find the most practical route. The aqueducts gradient was usually around one foot drop per two hundred feet in length. By choosing the gradient and maintaining it along the entire length of the aqueduct, the water could be made to flow fast enough to ensure a good supply, yet not so fast that the force of the rushing water washed out the aqueducts and pipes (Myron). Getting this precise gradient required measurements by the surveyor. After the surveyor calculated the length of the aqueduct, and the overall fall, construction could then start. Underground AqueductsWork on the aqueduct would begin concurrently at various points along the route. Once a channel had been dug, a chorobate would be lowered into the trench to check the slope. The chorobate was a ten-foot long wooden trough with a long grove running down its middle where water was poured; the water indicated when something was level. Once the route was the right gradient the water channel was lined with concrete or a pipe was put into the ground. Underground aqueducts made up about 90% of the 313 total miles of aqueduct into Rome. Above Ground AqueductsWhen an aqueduct came to a valley, it was no longer possible to keep the required gradient underground; therefore the Romans designed a bridge like structure of arches that spanned over the valley. When you think of the Roman aqueducts, you think of these beautiful structures, but only about 10% of all aqueducts leading to Rome were above ground. These aqueducts were engineering feats. The structure was a series of arches that were built together. Sometimes, when a very high aqueduct was needed, there were three courses of arches, one on top of the other, with the arches becoming smaller toward the top. This stacking of arches was done because of stability reasons and it proved to work because some of the aqueducts are still standing today. The ArchOne of the Romans greatest engineering feat is the design of the arch. Before the Romans, the bridges that were built were usually a flat piece of stone spanned over a space between two upright supports. The problem with this design is that a heavy weight on the middle of the span put too much stress on the stone and broke it. The Romans solved this problem by designing the arch. When a heavy weight is on the arch, the stones compress into each other and into a solid foundation, thus making the structure stronger. The Romans used the arch in their designs of aqueducts, bridges, and buildings, many of which are still standing today. (BCIT) Materials The Romans were the first civilization to make a mortar that did not disintegrate when exposed to water. They found natural cement near the Italian town of Pozzuoli and mixed the cement with lime, sand, and water to form the mortar. The mortar was used by Roman Engineers in aqueducts, as a binder in piers and arches, and for foundations. In the arch, stones were held together with the mortar. The arch sat on a solid foundation and the stones were stacked up and mortared together so the axial forces between the stones would transfer the load into the foundation. Therefore the arch could withstand a large amount of force. The top of the aqueduct was lined with cement and covered by stones to protect the aqueduct from contamination and poisoning from enemy troops. (BCIT) PUBLIC WORKSWhen the water reached the city, it was held in tanks. The tanks were then tapped to 1200 public fountains, eleven large-scale public baths, 867 smaller baths, and two artificial lakes. The aqueducts of Rom e created the original public works system. Water was regulated and taxed to private and public homes. The 38 million gallons of water that went through Rome everyday had to go somewhere, so a sewer system was created to get rid of the excess waste. The sewer in some places was large enough for a good-sized boat to travel through. The excess water from the aqueducts ran through the sewer and into the Tiber River, completing the public works cycle. (Hamblin). .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .postImageUrl , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:hover , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:visited , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:active { border:0!important; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:active , .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4b479d87a4b055a45a927421ac3a3c9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Atomic Bomb and its Effects on Post-World War EssayCONCLUSIONSCivil Engineering has been greatly influenced by the Romans. Their civilization was the first to recognize what could be done with water, and they utilized their knowledge to create aqueducts to transport that water. Their engineering feats are still remarkable today, as many bridges and aqueducts are still standing utilizing the arch and cement. Many of their ideas are still put to use today. Aqueducts are still used to transport water, even though Californias extensive aqueduct system which yields 3 billion gallons of water per day, the Romans accomplished their system 2000 years before a comparable system was created (Crystal). The arch was also a brilliant design as it was used as the main structure for bridges until the 17th century. Even today the arch is still a reliable source for bridge building. The Romans were ahead of their time with their brilliant aqueducts. Engineering Essays